Friday, January 24, 2020
Anatomy of a False Confession Essay -- essays research papers
Anatomy of a False Confession      Depending on what study is read, the incidence of false confession is less than 35 per year, up to 600 per year. That is a significant variance in range, but no matter how it is evaluated or what numbers are calculated, the fact remains that false confessions are a reality. Why would an innocent person confess to a crime that she did not commit? Are personal factors, such as age, education, and mental state, the primary reason for a suspect to confess? Are law enforcement officers and their interrogation techniques to blame for eliciting false confessions? Regardless of the stimuli that lead to false confessions, society and the justice system need to find a solution to prevent the subsequent aftermath.      In the adversarial justice system, when the offender admits to the criminal act, there is no further controversy and the case promptly proceeds to sentencing. Physical evidence and victim or witness statements may often be overlooked and not considered. The confession is considered unequivocal evidence of guilt and a conviction is ensured. Indeed, the interrogation process’ sole purpose is to obtain a confession. Zimbardo (1967) estimated that â€Å"of those criminal cases that are solved, more than 80% are solved by a confession.†(Conti, 1999) Without the confession, convictions may be reduced significantly. So why does a person falsely confess to a crime if the likelihood of a conviction is eminent? A false confession to any crime is self-destructive and counterintuitive.      The mental state of the suspect can give explanation to a false confession. If a person is inebriated and is questioned before she is sober, that may lead to easier manipulation by the police. A suspect under the influence of alcohol or drugs may not remember all the events leading up to her arrest. This mental state allows police officers to give misleading information, which may imply that the suspect did commit the crime and does not remember the incident. Mental retardation or suspects with low intelligence quotients (IQ) are easily manipulated by police comments and interrogation tactics. Those suspects usually do not understand the law or the consequences of a confession. They may want to please the police officer by being accommodating or agreeable. They may just wa... ...p;The power of innocence. Law and Human Behavior Vol.28, No. 2, p. 211. Kassin, S.M., & McNall, K. (1991). Police interrogations and confessions:      Communicating promises and threats by pragmatic implication. Law and      Human Behavior Vol. 15, No. 3, p. 233 – 251. Kassin, S.M., & Sukel, H. (1997). Coerced confessions and the jury: an experimental      Test of the â€Å"harmless error†rule. Law and Human Behavior Vol. 21, No. 1, p.      27 – 28. Kassin, S. (2004, April 26). Videotape police interrogations. Retrieved August 21, 2005,      From The Boston Globe. Meissner, C.A., & Kassin, S.M. (2002, October). â€Å"He’s guilty!†: investigator bias in      Judgments of truth and deception. Law and Human Behavior Vol. 26, No. 5,      469 – 479. Osterburg, J.W., & Ward, R.H. (2004). Criminal Investigation: A Method For      Reconstructing The Past. (4th ed.). Anderson Publishing: LexisNexis Group. Perina, A. (2004, March 1). â€Å"I confess.†Psychology Today Vol. 36, Issue 2.
Thursday, January 16, 2020
Trade Union and Human Resource Management
Rebore, R. W. 2001. Human Resources Administration in Education: A Management Approach. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Buletin Stiintific; Dec2010, Vol. 15 Issue 2, p121-128, 8p, 1 Diagram, 2 Graphs De Cieri, H & Kramar, R 2008, Human resource management in Australia, 3rd edn, McGraw Hill, Sydney. Diane Kubal; Michael Baker; Kendra Coleman Performance Improvement; Mar 2006; 45, 3; ABI/INFORM Global Text book Maffei, Steven1 Review of Business; Fall2010, Vol. 31 Issue 1, p91-97, 7p Becker,BE,Huselid, Ma & Ulrich, D 2001, The HRM scorecard: linking people, strategy and performance, Harvard Business School Press. Kleynhams R. , Markhan L, K. , and Van S. , Human resource Management, 2nd Edition, Person Prentice Hall, South Africa(2006) Oliver,Richard(1980), ‘A cognitive model of the antecedents and Consequences of Satisfaction Decisions’ , Journal of Markting Research, 17, 460-469 Russell S. Winer(1987), ‘A Framwork for the Formation and structure of Consumer Expectations: Review and Propositions,’Journal of Economic Psychology, 8,3, 469-499 Webb S. ,& B. (1896). History of Trade Unionism, London: Londman Pongpangan, A(1979). Labour union: Background, concept and structure(translated from Thai title). In â€Å" Labour relations class material†, Bangkok: Chulalongkom University. Tosuwanjinda, V (2002). Labour relations: The key to the cooperation between employers and workers (translated from Thai title). (5th Ed. ). Bangkok: Nititham Press Wilawan, K. (2007). Labor relation(translated from Thai title). (10th ed) Bangkok:Winyuchon Press. Greenwood, M. , and H. De Cieri. 2006. Stakeholder theory and the ethics of human resourcemanagement. In Ethics in human resource management and employment relations, eds A. Pinnington, R. Macklin and T. Campbell, 119–36. Oxford: Oxford University Press Maltby, J. , and R. Wilkinson. 1998. Stakeholding and corporate governance in the UK. Politics 18(3): 197–204. Journal of Advertising; Summer2009, Vol. 38 Issue 2, p37-51, 15p, 1 Diagram De Witt, R (1993). The structural consequences of downsizing. Organizations Science, 4(1), 30-40
Tuesday, January 7, 2020
Calculating Enthalpy Changes Using Hesss Law
Hesss Law, also known as Hesss Law of Constant Heat Summation, states that the total enthalpy of a chemical reaction is the sum of the enthalpy changes for the steps of the reaction. Therefore, you can find enthalpy change by breaking a reaction into component steps that have known enthalpy values. This example problem demonstrates strategies for how to use Hesss Law to find the enthalpy change of a reaction using enthalpy data from similar reactions. Hesss Law Enthalpy Change Problem What is the value of ÃŽâ€H for the following reaction? CS2(l) 3 O2(g) → CO2(g) 2 SO2(g) Given: C(s) O2(g) → CO2(g); ÃŽâ€Hf -393.5 kJ/molS(s) O2(g) → SO2(g); ÃŽâ€Hf -296.8 kJ/molC(s) 2 S(s) → CS2(l); ÃŽâ€Hf 87.9 kJ/mol Solution Hesss Law says the total enthalpy change does not rely on the path taken from beginning to end. Enthalpy can be calculated in one grand step or multiple smaller steps. To solve this type of problem, organize the given chemical reactions where the total effect yields the reaction needed. There are a few rules that you must follow when manipulating a reaction. The reaction can be reversed. This will change the sign of ÃŽâ€Hf.The reaction can be multiplied by a constant. The value of ÃŽâ€Hf must be multiplied by the same constant.Any combination of the first two rules may be used. Finding a correct path is different for each Hesss Law problem and may require some trial and error. A good place to start is to find one of the reactants or products where there is only one mole in the reaction. You need one CO2, and the first reaction has one CO2 on the product side. C(s) O2(g) → CO2(g), ÃŽâ€Hf -393.5 kJ/mol This gives you the CO2 you need on the product side and one of the O2 moles you need on the reactant side. To get two more O2 moles, use the second equation and multiply it by two. Remember to multiply the ÃŽâ€Hf by two as well. 2 S(s) 2 O2(g) → 2 SO2(g), ÃŽâ€Hf 2(-326.8 kJ/mol) Now you have two extra Ss and one extra C molecule on the reactant side that you dont need. The third reaction also has two Ss and one C on the reactant side. Reverse this reaction to bring the molecules to the product side. Remember to change the sign on ÃŽâ€Hf. CS2(l) → C(s) 2 S(s), ÃŽâ€Hf -87.9 kJ/mol When all three reactions are added, the extra two sulfur and one extra carbon atoms are canceled out, leaving the target reaction. All that remains is adding up the values of ÃŽâ€Hf. ÃŽâ€H -393.5 kJ/mol 2(-296.8 kJ/mol) (-87.9 kJ/mol)ÃŽâ€H -393.5 kJ/mol - 593.6 kJ/mol - 87.9 kJ/molÃŽâ€H -1075.0 kJ/mol Answer: The change in enthalpy for the reaction is -1075.0 kJ/mol. Facts About Hesss Law Hesss Law takes its name from Russian chemist and physician Germain Hess. Hess investigated thermochemistry and published his law of thermochemistry in 1840.To apply Hesss Law, all of the component steps of a chemical reaction need to occur at the same temperature.Hesss Law may be used to calculate entropy and Gibbs energy in addition to enthalpy.
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